Understanding the Invasive Tree of Heaven and Its Impact in Pennsylvania
- Jerret Myers
- Aug 1
- 4 min read
The Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) is a fast-growing tree that has become a significant concern across Pennsylvania. Originally introduced to the United States in the late 18th century, this species has spread aggressively, outcompeting native trees and altering local ecosystems. Its presence poses challenges not only to natural habitats but also to forestry and urban environments. This post explores how the Tree of Heaven arrived in Pennsylvania, why it is considered invasive, how to identify it, its connection to the spotted lanternfly, and effective ways to manage and remove it.
How Tree of Heaven Entered Pennsylvania
The Tree of Heaven is native to China and was first brought to the United States around 1784 as an ornamental tree. Early settlers valued it for its rapid growth and ability to thrive in poor soil conditions. It was planted in urban areas and along roadsides for shade and erosion control. Pennsylvania, with its mix of urban and rural landscapes, became a prime location for the tree to establish itself.
Over time, the Tree of Heaven escaped cultivation and spread into natural areas. Its seeds are lightweight and easily carried by wind, allowing it to colonize disturbed sites such as abandoned lots, roadsides, and forest edges. The tree’s ability to grow quickly and tolerate pollution helped it thrive in Pennsylvania’s changing environments.
Why Tree of Heaven Is an Invasive Species
The Tree of Heaven is classified as invasive because it disrupts native ecosystems and outcompetes local tree species. It produces large quantities of seeds that germinate rapidly, forming dense stands that shade out native plants. Its roots release chemicals that inhibit the growth of other vegetation, a process called allelopathy.
In Pennsylvania, this invasive behavior threatens native hardwood forests, especially in south central regions where native species like oaks, maples, and black walnuts are common. The Tree of Heaven’s aggressive growth reduces biodiversity and alters habitat for wildlife.
Wood Fiber Quality and Risks of Felling Tree of Heaven
One important consideration for landowners and arborists is the poor quality of Tree of Heaven wood fibers. Unlike native hardwoods in south central Pennsylvania, such as black walnut or sugar maple, Tree of Heaven wood is brittle and prone to splitting. This characteristic increases the risk of accidents during tree felling and removal.
The wood’s weakness means it can break unpredictably under stress, posing dangers to workers and nearby structures. For this reason, professionals recommend extra caution when cutting Tree of Heaven and suggest hiring experienced tree services familiar with its properties.
How to Identify Tree of Heaven and Differentiate It from Sumac and Black Walnut
Identifying Tree of Heaven correctly is crucial for managing its spread. It can be confused with sumac or black walnut, but there are clear differences:
Leaves: Tree of Heaven has large, compound leaves 1 to 3 feet long with 10 to 41 leaflets arranged in pairs along a central stem. Each leaflet has a smooth edge with a few small teeth near the base. Sumac leaves are also compound but have fuzzy undersides and more sharply toothed leaflets. Black walnut leaves are compound with fewer leaflets (usually 15 to 23) and a more pronounced serrated edge.
Bark: Tree of Heaven bark is smooth and light gray when young, becoming rough and fissured with age. The bark may appear black due to sooty mold caused by Spotted Lanternfly "honey dew". Black walnut bark is darker and deeply furrowed. Sumac stems are often fuzzy and reddish.
Seeds: Tree of Heaven produces clusters of winged seeds called samaras that hang in large bunches. Sumac produces red, fuzzy fruit clusters, while black walnut produces round, green husked nuts.
Smell: When crushed, Tree of Heaven leaves emit a strong, unpleasant odor often described as rancid or peanut-like.
The Spotted Lanternfly and Its Preference for Tree of Heaven
The spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is an invasive insect that has become a major pest in Pennsylvania. It feeds on many plants but shows a strong preference for Tree of Heaven. The tree serves as a primary host where lanternflies lay eggs and feed on sap.
This relationship makes controlling Tree of Heaven critical in managing spotted lanternfly populations. Removing or treating Tree of Heaven trees can reduce the insect’s breeding grounds and help protect agricultural crops and native plants.
Effective Methods to Kill Tree of Heaven
Eradicating Tree of Heaven requires persistence and a combination of methods:
Cutting and Herbicide Application: Cutting the tree close to the ground followed immediately by applying a systemic herbicide to the stump prevents regrowth. Herbicides containing glyphosate or triclopyr are commonly used.
Basal Bark Treatment: Applying herbicide directly to the bark around the base of smaller trees can kill them without cutting.
Repeated Cutting: If herbicides are not used, repeated cutting of new shoots over several years can exhaust the tree’s energy reserves.
Seedling Control: Removing seedlings by hand or with herbicide before they mature helps prevent new infestations.
Professional tree services have the equipment and expertise to apply these treatments safely and effectively, especially in sensitive or hard-to-reach areas.
Summary and Next Steps
The Tree of Heaven is a fast-growing invasive species that threatens Pennsylvania’s native forests and urban landscapes. Its poor wood quality increases risks during removal, and its role as a host for the spotted lanternfly adds urgency to controlling its spread. Identifying the tree correctly and using effective removal methods can protect local ecosystems and reduce pest problems.
If you have Tree of Heaven on your property or nearby, consider contacting Antrim Tree Service for expert assessment and removal. Their experience with invasive species and safe tree removal techniques can help you manage this challenging tree and support the health of Pennsylvania’s forests.
Taking action now helps preserve native trees and limits the impact of invasive pests like the spotted lanternfly. Don’t wait for the problem to grow—reach out to professionals who can provide the right solutions.
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